Bladder cancer
Time:2009-11-06 11:39 Author:admin Hits:
[Overview]
Urinary bladder cancer is the most common tumors. The majority of transitional cell carcinoma. In the bladder wall and the posterior wall, followed by a triangular area and the top of its occurrence can be a multi-center. Bladder cancer may be accompanied by successively or renal pelvis, ureter, urinary tract tumors. In other countries, the incidence of bladder cancer in the male genitourinary tumors, second only to prostate cancer, ranking No. 2; in the country accounted for first. Male incidence rate is about 3-4 times that of women, aged 50-70 years with a multi. Histological type of the disease accounted for 95% of epithelial tumors, over 90% of the Department of transitional cell carcinoma.
[Cause]
The cause of bladder cancer has not yet entirely clear, compare recognized common causes of bladder cancer are:
1. Long-term exposure of the types of aromatic substances
Such as dyes, leather, rubber, painters, etc. have a high incidence of bladder cancer.
2. Smoking
Is also an increase in the incidence of bladder cancer causes. In recent years, studies have shown that smokers in the cancer-causing substances in the urine increased by 50% the metabolism of tryptophan, when the smoking stops, tryptophan levels return to normal.
3. The abnormal metabolism of tryptophan in vivo
The abnormal metabolism of tryptophan can produce a metabolic product of some one, such as 3 - hydroxy -2 - amino-acetophenone, 3 - hydroxy - o - amino acid, can directly affect cell RNA and DNA synthesis. The role of metabolites excreted into the bladder through the liver by β-glucuronide after the enzyme has carcinogenic effects.
4. Bladder mucosa to stimulate the local long-suffering
Long-term chronic partial bladder wall stimulation, such as chronic infection, bladder stones and urinary tract obstruction of long-term incentives, may induce cancer factors. The glandular cystitis, leukoplakia is considered pre-cancerous lesions can be induced cancer.
5. Drugs
Phenacetin taking such a large number of drugs, has proved to be caused by bladder cancer.
6. Parasitic diseases
Such as occurred in the bladder can induce bladder cancer.
1. Long-term exposure of the types of aromatic substances
Such as dyes, leather, rubber, painters, etc. have a high incidence of bladder cancer.
2. Smoking
Is also an increase in the incidence of bladder cancer causes. In recent years, studies have shown that smokers in the cancer-causing substances in the urine increased by 50% the metabolism of tryptophan, when the smoking stops, tryptophan levels return to normal.
3. The abnormal metabolism of tryptophan in vivo
The abnormal metabolism of tryptophan can produce a metabolic product of some one, such as 3 - hydroxy -2 - amino-acetophenone, 3 - hydroxy - o - amino acid, can directly affect cell RNA and DNA synthesis. The role of metabolites excreted into the bladder through the liver by β-glucuronide after the enzyme has carcinogenic effects.
4. Bladder mucosa to stimulate the local long-suffering
Long-term chronic partial bladder wall stimulation, such as chronic infection, bladder stones and urinary tract obstruction of long-term incentives, may induce cancer factors. The glandular cystitis, leukoplakia is considered pre-cancerous lesions can be induced cancer.
5. Drugs
Phenacetin taking such a large number of drugs, has proved to be caused by bladder cancer.
6. Parasitic diseases
Such as occurred in the bladder can induce bladder cancer.
[Clinical]
1. Hematuria
Most of the bladder tumor was painless gross hematuria or microscopic hematuria as the first symptom, the patient showed intermittent, full hematuria, sometimes accompanied by blood clots. Thus, in clinical intermittent painless gross hematuria was considered typical symptoms of bladder cancer. The amount of bleeding and the duration of hematuria, and tumor grade, tumor size, scope and number of a certain relationship, but not necessarily proportional. Occasional gross hematuria, the tumor is already quite large, or is already late; and sometimes a small tumor was of massive hematuria. Hematuria was intermittent due to the performance, when the urine of patients stopped easily overlooked, mistaken for the disease disappear without further examination to make a timely manner. When patients showed only microscopic hematuria, because not accompanied by other symptoms without being discovered, often until the emergence of gross hematuria only when the attention.
Of bladder cancer and other diseases caused by hematuria hematuria compared with bladder cancer, hematuria has two characteristics:
One is painless, that is, in the event of hematuria, the patient no pain and other symptoms, medicine known as painless hematuria. This is when the stones are mostly accompanied with hematuria kidney and ureter pain and different, but also due to hematuria and bladder inflammation with multi-frequency, urgency, dysuria not the same. However, if the tumor necrosis, ulceration and infection, it can occur urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria and other symptoms of bladder stimulation.
The second is intermittent, that is, intermittent hematuria, can stop or reduce their own, two intervals hematuria may be a few days or a few months or even six months, likely to cause hematuria have been successfully cured the illusion of improvement, which failed to check the treatment.
2. Bladder irritation
Early urinary bladder cancer occurs less irritation. If the bladder cancer accompanied by infection, or tumor in the bladder triangle, then the urinary tract irritation may occur earlier. In addition, must also be vigilant urinary frequency, urgency and other symptoms of bladder stimulation, it may prompt the possibility of bladder carcinoma in situ. Therefore, any basis for the lack of infection in patients with bladder irritation symptoms should be used in an active and comprehensive examination of measures to ensure early diagnosis.
3. Dysuria
A small number of patients in a larger tumor, or tumor in the bladder neck, or blood clot formation, can cause urinary obstruction, dysuria, urinary retention or even appear.
4. The symptoms of urinary tract obstruction
Cancer infiltrating ureteral orifice, it caused the renal pelvis and ureter expansion of stagnant water, and even infections, caused by varying degrees of lumbar acid, back pain, fever and other symptoms. If bilateral ureteral orifice involvement, symptoms of acute renal failure may occur.
5 systemic symptoms
Include nausea, loss of appetite, fever, weight loss, anemia, cachexia, leukemoid reactions.
6. Metastasis symptoms
Advanced bladder cancer may occur around the pelvic invasion or distant metastasis. Common distant metastatic sites were liver, lung, bone and so on. When the tumor infiltrating into the posterior urethra, prostate and rectum when a corresponding symptoms. When the tumor is located in the side of the ureteral orifice, causing ureteral orifice infiltration, can cause the side of the ureter expansion hydronephrosis. When the tumors associated with bladder stones occur when dysuria and hematuria and other symptoms of bladder stones.
7. Common complication
Common complications of bladder cancer, bladder cancer pain, severe hematuria, urinary retention and so on.
Most of the bladder tumor was painless gross hematuria or microscopic hematuria as the first symptom, the patient showed intermittent, full hematuria, sometimes accompanied by blood clots. Thus, in clinical intermittent painless gross hematuria was considered typical symptoms of bladder cancer. The amount of bleeding and the duration of hematuria, and tumor grade, tumor size, scope and number of a certain relationship, but not necessarily proportional. Occasional gross hematuria, the tumor is already quite large, or is already late; and sometimes a small tumor was of massive hematuria. Hematuria was intermittent due to the performance, when the urine of patients stopped easily overlooked, mistaken for the disease disappear without further examination to make a timely manner. When patients showed only microscopic hematuria, because not accompanied by other symptoms without being discovered, often until the emergence of gross hematuria only when the attention.
Of bladder cancer and other diseases caused by hematuria hematuria compared with bladder cancer, hematuria has two characteristics:
One is painless, that is, in the event of hematuria, the patient no pain and other symptoms, medicine known as painless hematuria. This is when the stones are mostly accompanied with hematuria kidney and ureter pain and different, but also due to hematuria and bladder inflammation with multi-frequency, urgency, dysuria not the same. However, if the tumor necrosis, ulceration and infection, it can occur urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria and other symptoms of bladder stimulation.
The second is intermittent, that is, intermittent hematuria, can stop or reduce their own, two intervals hematuria may be a few days or a few months or even six months, likely to cause hematuria have been successfully cured the illusion of improvement, which failed to check the treatment.
2. Bladder irritation
Early urinary bladder cancer occurs less irritation. If the bladder cancer accompanied by infection, or tumor in the bladder triangle, then the urinary tract irritation may occur earlier. In addition, must also be vigilant urinary frequency, urgency and other symptoms of bladder stimulation, it may prompt the possibility of bladder carcinoma in situ. Therefore, any basis for the lack of infection in patients with bladder irritation symptoms should be used in an active and comprehensive examination of measures to ensure early diagnosis.
3. Dysuria
A small number of patients in a larger tumor, or tumor in the bladder neck, or blood clot formation, can cause urinary obstruction, dysuria, urinary retention or even appear.
4. The symptoms of urinary tract obstruction
Cancer infiltrating ureteral orifice, it caused the renal pelvis and ureter expansion of stagnant water, and even infections, caused by varying degrees of lumbar acid, back pain, fever and other symptoms. If bilateral ureteral orifice involvement, symptoms of acute renal failure may occur.
5 systemic symptoms
Include nausea, loss of appetite, fever, weight loss, anemia, cachexia, leukemoid reactions.
6. Metastasis symptoms
Advanced bladder cancer may occur around the pelvic invasion or distant metastasis. Common distant metastatic sites were liver, lung, bone and so on. When the tumor infiltrating into the posterior urethra, prostate and rectum when a corresponding symptoms. When the tumor is located in the side of the ureteral orifice, causing ureteral orifice infiltration, can cause the side of the ureter expansion hydronephrosis. When the tumors associated with bladder stones occur when dysuria and hematuria and other symptoms of bladder stones.
7. Common complication
Common complications of bladder cancer, bladder cancer pain, severe hematuria, urinary retention and so on.
[Prevention]
Prevention of bladder cancer, the easiest way to
U.S. scientists, a new study found that by eating nuts, olive oil and other food intake of adequate vitamin E, can reduce the risk of disease.
The statistical study of the two most common types of vitamin E, vitamin E or α-and γ-vitamin E. The results showed that, α-vitamin E effect of relatively clear. Such foods are rich in vitamin E include: almonds, spinach, green mustard, pepper, sunflower, and olive oil, cottonseed oil and rapeseed oil and other edible vegetable oil. Through the intake of vitamin supplements vitamin E, effect is the same.
In addition, Harvard has announced an experienced 10-year, involving 47909 40-75 year-old man research findings, drink plenty of water (6 to 10 cups per day) can effectively reduce the risk of bladder cancer. This study began in 1988 to explore the 22 different types of liquids, including water, tea, juice, beer and so on. As a result, as long as they drink plenty of liquids, whether it is water, or drink, even beer, whiskey, can the incidence rate in the United States accounted for fourth place to halve the risk of bladder cancer. The mechanism may be frequent to remove the liquid flowing through the bladder can reduce the potential carcinogen due to the stimulation of the bladder wall. For smokers, the risk of bladder cancer is four times higher than non-smokers, drink plenty of water to reduce the risk of bladder cancer more pronounced. The experts suggested that, while drinking an adequate amount of liquid has reduced a variety of bladder cancer risk, but still is better to drink water, drink 10 cups a day more than plain water, and no side effects, but they benefited from this how fun is not.
U.S. scientists, a new study found that by eating nuts, olive oil and other food intake of adequate vitamin E, can reduce the risk of disease.
The statistical study of the two most common types of vitamin E, vitamin E or α-and γ-vitamin E. The results showed that, α-vitamin E effect of relatively clear. Such foods are rich in vitamin E include: almonds, spinach, green mustard, pepper, sunflower, and olive oil, cottonseed oil and rapeseed oil and other edible vegetable oil. Through the intake of vitamin supplements vitamin E, effect is the same.
In addition, Harvard has announced an experienced 10-year, involving 47909 40-75 year-old man research findings, drink plenty of water (6 to 10 cups per day) can effectively reduce the risk of bladder cancer. This study began in 1988 to explore the 22 different types of liquids, including water, tea, juice, beer and so on. As a result, as long as they drink plenty of liquids, whether it is water, or drink, even beer, whiskey, can the incidence rate in the United States accounted for fourth place to halve the risk of bladder cancer. The mechanism may be frequent to remove the liquid flowing through the bladder can reduce the potential carcinogen due to the stimulation of the bladder wall. For smokers, the risk of bladder cancer is four times higher than non-smokers, drink plenty of water to reduce the risk of bladder cancer more pronounced. The experts suggested that, while drinking an adequate amount of liquid has reduced a variety of bladder cancer risk, but still is better to drink water, drink 10 cups a day more than plain water, and no side effects, but they benefited from this how fun is not.
